Looking for sarvanam in Marathi? सर्वनाम (Sarvanam) are pronouns in Marathi grammar — words that are used in place of a noun to avoid repetition. Just as English uses pronouns like he, she, it, they, we, Marathi uses words like तो, ती, ते, आम्ही, तुम्ही to stand in for names and nouns. This complete guide to sarvanam in Marathi covers the definition, all 6 types with clear examples, and exam tips for Class 5–10 students.
Sarvanam (सर्वनाम) = pronoun — a word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition.
Marathi has 6 types: पुरुषवाचक, दर्शक, संबंधी, प्रश्नार्थक, अनिश्चयवाचक, and स्वतोवाचक.
पुरुषवाचक (Personal) pronouns: मी (I), तू/तुम्ही (you), तो/ती/ते (he/she/it), आम्ही (we).
दर्शक (Demonstrative): हा, ही, हे (this — near); तो, ती, ते (that — far).
संबंधी (Relative): जो...तो, जी...ती, जे...ते — connects two clauses.
प्रश्नार्थक (Interrogative): कोण (who), काय (what), कोणता (which), किती (how many).
अनिश्चयवाचक (Indefinite): कोणी (someone), काहीतरी (something) — unspecified person/thing.
स्वतोवाचक (Reflexive): स्वतः (self) — subject and object are the same person.
सर्वनाम = सर्व + नाम = all names → a word that stands for all names / a name used for all.
Definition (मराठी): नामाच्या जागी वापरला जाणारा शब्द म्हणजे सर्वनाम होय. English: A word used in place of a noun (name) is called a Pronoun (Sarvanam).
Why do we use Sarvanam? Without sarvanam: "रामने रामचे पुस्तक उचलले. रामने रामची बॅग घेतली आणि राम शाळेत गेला." With sarvanam: "रामने त्याचे पुस्तक उचलले. त्याने त्याची बॅग घेतली आणि तो शाळेत गेला."
Sarvanam avoids repetition of the noun 'राम' and makes the sentence more natural and flowing.
Key Marathi Sarvanam (Pronouns): • तो, ती, ते (he, she, it) • मी (I) • तू / तुम्ही / आपण (you — informal / formal / very polite) • आम्ही / आपण (we) • हा, ही, हे (this — near) • तो, ती, ते (that — far) • कोण, काय (who, what) • जो, जी, जे (who/which — relative) • स्वतः (self)
Marathi grammar recognises 6 main types of Sarvanam:
Each type is explained in detail below with examples.
Definition: व्यक्तीचा उल्लेख करण्यासाठी वापरण्यात येणारी सर्वनामे म्हणजे पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम. (Pronouns that refer to persons — the speaker, the person spoken to, or the person spoken about.)
Three categories:
प्रथम पुरुष (First Person — the speaker): • एकवचन: मी (I) • अनेकवचन: आम्ही (we — exclusive), आपण (we — inclusive) Example: "मी शाळेत जातो." | "आम्ही सहलीला गेलो."
द्वितीय पुरुष (Second Person — the person spoken to): • एकवचन: तू (you — informal, familiar) • अनेकवचन: तुम्ही (you — formal/plural), आपण (you — very respectful) Example: "तू काय करतोस?" | "तुम्ही कुठे राहता?"
तृतीय पुरुष (Third Person — the person/thing spoken about): • एकवचन: तो (he), ती (she), ते (it/they for neuter) • अनेकवचन: ते (they — masculine plural), त्या (they — feminine plural) Example: "तो खेळतो." | "ती गाते." | "ते झाड मोठे आहे."
Note: 'आपण' can mean both 'we' (first person inclusive) and 'you' (very respectful second person) depending on context.
Definition: जवळची किंवा दूरची वस्तू / व्यक्ती दर्शवण्यासाठी वापरली जाणारी सर्वनामे म्हणजे दर्शक सर्वनाम. (Pronouns that point to or indicate a person or thing — near or far.)
Near (जवळ — This/These): • हा (masculine singular) — This man | "हा मुलगा हुशार आहे." • ही (feminine singular) — This woman | "ही मुलगी गाते." • हे (neuter/plural) — This thing / These | "हे पुस्तक माझे आहे."
Far (दूर — That/Those): • तो (masculine singular) — That man | "तो मुलगा शांत आहे." • ती (feminine singular) — That woman | "ती मुलगी धावते." • ते (neuter/plural) — That thing / Those | "ते फूल सुंदर आहे."
Note: तो / ती / ते are used both as दर्शक सर्वनाम (demonstrative) and as पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम (third person personal pronoun). Context determines the type.
Definition: दोन वाक्यांना जोडणारी आणि नामाशी संबंध सांगणारी सर्वनामे म्हणजे संबंधी सर्वनाम. (Pronouns that connect two clauses/sentences and relate to a noun mentioned earlier.)
Main relative pronouns in Marathi: • जो (masculine singular) — who/which • जी (feminine singular) — who/which • जे (neuter/plural) — which/that • ज्याने, ज्याचे, ज्याला (declined forms)
Examples:
Pattern: संबंधी सर्वनाम always comes in a pair — जो...तो, जी...ती, जे...ते.
Definition: प्रश्न विचारण्यासाठी वापरली जाणारी सर्वनामे म्हणजे प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम. (Pronouns used to ask questions.)
Main interrogative pronouns: • कोण (who) — for persons • काय (what) — for things • कोणता / कोणती / कोणते (which) • किती (how many/how much)
Examples:
Key distinction: प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम is used at the START of a question or within a question to seek information about a person or thing.
Definition: अनिश्चित व्यक्ती किंवा वस्तू दर्शवणारी सर्वनामे म्हणजे अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम. (Pronouns that refer to an unspecified/unknown person or thing.)
Main indefinite pronouns in Marathi: • कोणी (someone, anyone) • काहीतरी (something) • कोणीतरी (somebody) • सर्व / सगळे (all, everyone) • कोणीच नाही (nobody) • काहीच नाही (nothing)
Examples:
Key marker: अनिश्चयवाचक = the person or thing is not specifically identified. You don't know EXACTLY who or what.
Definition: जेव्हा कर्त्याने स्वतःशीच क्रिया केली असते, तेव्हा वापरण्यात येणारी सर्वनामे म्हणजे स्वतोवाचक सर्वनाम. (Pronouns that refer back to the subject — the subject performs the action on itself.)
Main reflexive pronoun in Marathi: • स्वतः (self — myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself) • आपण (used reflexively in some contexts)
Examples:
Key marker: 'स्वतः' is the clearest indicator of Reflexive Pronoun in Marathi. The subject and the person acted upon are the same.
Quick Reference Table:
Exam Tips: • The most frequently tested type is पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम — know all three persons and both singular/plural forms. • To identify the type: Ask — Does it ask a question (प्रश्नार्थक)? Connect two clauses (संबंधी)? Include 'स्वतः' (स्वतोवाचक)? Point to something (दर्शक)? Leave the person unspecified (अनिश्चयवाचक)? Otherwise it's पुरुषवाचक. • Common error: तो / ती / ते — can be both पुरुषवाचक (third person) AND दर्शक (demonstrative). Context decides which type it is.
Sarvanam (सर्वनाम) are pronouns in Marathi grammar — words used in place of a noun to avoid repetition. The word सर्वनाम = सर्व (all) + नाम (name) = a word that stands in for all names. Example: Instead of repeating 'राम', we use 'तो' (he). Marathi has 6 types of sarvanam: पुरुषवाचक (personal), दर्शक (demonstrative), संबंधी (relative), प्रश्नार्थक (interrogative), अनिश्चयवाचक (indefinite), and स्वतोवाचक (reflexive).
There are 6 types of sarvanam in Marathi grammar: 1) पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम (Personal Pronouns) — मी, तू, तो, ती, आम्ही. 2) दर्शक सर्वनाम (Demonstrative) — हा, ही, हे, तो, ती. 3) संबंधी सर्वनाम (Relative) — जो, जी, जे. 4) प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम (Interrogative) — कोण, काय. 5) अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम (Indefinite) — कोणी, काहीतरी. 6) स्वतोवाचक सर्वनाम (Reflexive) — स्वतः.
पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम are personal pronouns that refer to persons in conversation. Three types: 1) प्रथम पुरुष (First Person — speaker): मी (I), आम्ही (we). 2) द्वितीय पुरुष (Second Person — listener): तू (you informal), तुम्ही (you formal), आपण (you — very respectful). 3) तृतीय पुरुष (Third Person — person spoken about): तो (he), ती (she), ते (it/neuter), ते (they). These are the most commonly tested sarvanam in exams.
संबंधी सर्वनाम (Relative Pronouns) connect two clauses and relate to a noun mentioned earlier. Main pronouns: जो, जी, जे. They always come in pairs with a corresponding pronoun: जो...तो, जी...ती, जे...ते. Examples: 1) 'जो मेहनत करतो, तो यश मिळवतो.' (Who works hard succeeds.) 2) 'जे पुस्तक तू वाचलेस ते मला दे.' (Give me the book that you read.) The जो/जी/जे begins the subordinate clause; तो/ती/ते begins the main clause.
Both use the same words (तो, ती, ते), which causes confusion. Difference: दर्शक सर्वनाम (Demonstrative) POINTS to a specific person or thing — usually a visible or recently mentioned object/person. Example: 'तो मुलगा पाहा' (Look at that boy) — pointing to someone. पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम (Personal) refers to a person in the conversation context — not necessarily pointing, but substituting for a name. Example: 'तो शाळेत गेला' (He went to school) — 'तो' refers to Ram who was mentioned earlier. Context is the key to distinguishing them.
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