Numbers in Sanskrit (संस्कृत संख्याः) form one of the oldest numbering systems in the world. Sanskrit numbers from 1 to 100 are used in Vedic chanting, Hindu rituals, Indian mathematics, and classical texts. The basic Sanskrit numbers are: Ekam (एकम्) = 1, Dve (द्वे) = 2, Trīṇi (त्रीणि) = 3, Chatvāri (चत्वारि) = 4, Pañcha (पञ्च) = 5, and so on. The modern decimal system and the concept of zero (Shūnya / शून्य) originated from ancient Indian mathematicians who wrote in Sanskrit. This guide covers the complete numbers in Sanskrit from 1 to 100 with Devanagari script, transliteration, pronunciation, ordinal numbers, and number-related vocabulary.
Sanskrit numbers 1–10: Ekam, Dve, Trīṇi, Chatvāri, Pañcha, Ṣhaṭ, Sapta, Ashṭa, Nava, Dasha.
100 in Sanskrit is Shatam (शतम्), 1000 is Sahasram (सहस्रम्), 1 crore is Koṭiḥ (कोटिः).
Numbers 11–18 follow the pattern: base number + dasha (ten). Example: 15 = Pañchadasha.
Numbers ending in 9 (19, 29, 39...) use subtractive form: Ekona (one less than) + next ten.
Zero (Shūnya / शून्य) and the decimal system originated from Sanskrit mathematics.
Ordinal numbers: Prathamaḥ (1st), Dvitīyaḥ (2nd), Tṛtīyaḥ (3rd), Chaturthaḥ (4th), Pañchamaḥ (5th).
Sanskrit number roots appear in modern words: Tri (triangle), Pancha (panchayat), Sapta (saptarishi), Nava (navaratri).
Brahmagupta (628 CE) formalised rules for zero in his Sanskrit text Brahmasphutasiddhanta.
Here are the Sanskrit numbers from 1 to 20 with Devanagari script:
1 — एकम् (Ekam) 2 — द्वे (Dve) 3 — त्रीणि (Trīṇi) 4 — चत्वारि (Chatvāri) 5 — पञ्च (Pañcha) 6 — षट् (Ṣhaṭ) 7 — सप्त (Sapta) 8 — अष्ट (Ashṭa) 9 — नव (Nava) 10 — दश (Dasha) 11 — एकादश (Ekādasha) 12 — द्वादश (Dvādasha) 13 — त्रयोदश (Trayodasha) 14 — चतुर्दश (Chaturdasha) 15 — पञ्चदश (Pañchadasha) 16 — षोडश (Ṣhoḍasha) 17 — सप्तदश (Saptadasha) 18 — अष्टादश (Ashṭādasha) 19 — एकोनविंशतिः (Ekonaviṃshatiḥ) — literally 'one less than twenty' 20 — विंशतिः (Viṃshatiḥ)
Pattern for 11–18: Base number + दश (dasha = ten) • 11 = एक + आदश = एकादश (one and ten) • 12 = द्वा + दश = द्वादश (two and ten) • 18 = अष्टा + दश = अष्टादश (eight and ten)
Note: 19 uses a subtractive form: एकोन (one less) + विंशतिः (twenty) = 19
21 — एकविंशतिः (Ekaviṃshatiḥ) 22 — द्वाविंशतिः (Dvāviṃshatiḥ) 23 — त्रयोविंशतिः (Trayoviṃshatiḥ) 24 — चतुर्विंशतिः (Chaturviṃshatiḥ) 25 — पञ्चविंशतिः (Pañchaviṃshatiḥ) 26 — षड्विंशतिः (Ṣhaḍviṃshatiḥ) 27 — सप्तविंशतिः (Saptaviṃshatiḥ) 28 — अष्टाविंशतिः (Ashṭāviṃshatiḥ) 29 — एकोनत्रिंशत् (Ekonatriṃshat) — one less than thirty 30 — त्रिंशत् (Triṃshat) 31 — एकत्रिंशत् (Ekatriṃshat) 32 — द्वात्रिंशत् (Dvātriṃshat) 33 — त्रयस्त्रिंशत् (Trayastriṃshat) 34 — चतुस्त्रिंशत् (Chatustriṃshat) 35 — पञ्चत्रिंशत् (Pañchatriṃshat) 36 — षट्त्रिंशत् (Ṣhaṭtriṃshat) 37 — सप्तत्रिंशत् (Saptatriṃshat) 38 — अष्टात्रिंशत् (Ashṭātriṃshat) 39 — एकोनचत्वारिंशत् (Ekonachatvāriṃshat) 40 — चत्वारिंशत् (Chatvāriṃshat) 41 — एकचत्वारिंशत् (Ekachatvāriṃshat) 42 — द्विचत्वारिंशत् (Dvichatvāriṃshat) 43 — त्रिचत्वारिंशत् (Trichatvāriṃshat) 44 — चतुश्चत्वारिंशत् (Chatushchatvāriṃshat) 45 — पञ्चचत्वारिंशत् (Pañchachatvāriṃshat) 46 — षट्चत्वारिंशत् (Ṣhaṭchatvāriṃshat) 47 — सप्तचत्वारिंशत् (Saptachatvāriṃshat) 48 — अष्टचत्वारिंशत् (Ashṭachatvāriṃshat) 49 — एकोनपञ्चाशत् (Ekonapañchāshat) 50 — पञ्चाशत् (Pañchāshat)
51 — एकपञ्चाशत् (Ekapañchāshat) 52 — द्विपञ्चाशत् (Dvipañchāshat) 53 — त्रिपञ्चाशत् (Tripañchāshat) 54 — चतुःपञ्चाशत् (Chatuḥpañchāshat) 55 — पञ्चपञ्चाशत् (Pañchapañchāshat) 56 — षट्पञ्चाशत् (Ṣhaṭpañchāshat) 57 — सप्तपञ्चाशत् (Saptapañchāshat) 58 — अष्टपञ्चाशत् (Ashṭapañchāshat) 59 — एकोनषष्टिः (Ekonaṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 60 — षष्टिः (Ṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 61 — एकषष्टिः (Ekaṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 62 — द्विषष्टिः (Dviṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 63 — त्रिषष्टिः (Triṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 64 — चतुःषष्टिः (Chatuḥṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 65 — पञ्चषष्टिः (Pañchaṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 66 — षट्षष्टिः (Ṣhaṭṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 67 — सप्तषष्टिः (Saptaṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 68 — अष्टषष्टिः (Ashṭaṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 69 — एकोनसप्ततिः (Ekonasaptatiḥ) 70 — सप्ततिः (Saptatiḥ) 71 — एकसप्ततिः (Ekasaptatiḥ) 72 — द्विसप्ततिः (Dvisaptatiḥ) 73 — त्रिसप्ततिः (Trisaptatiḥ) 74 — चतुःसप्ततिः (Chatuḥsaptatiḥ) 75 — पञ्चसप्ततिः (Pañchasaptatiḥ) 76 — षट्सप्ततिः (Ṣhaṭsaptatiḥ) 77 — सप्तसप्ततिः (Saptasaptatiḥ) 78 — अष्टसप्ततिः (Ashṭasaptatiḥ) 79 — एकोनाशीतिः (Ekonāshītiḥ) 80 — अशीतिः (Ashītiḥ) 81 — एकाशीतिः (Ekāshītiḥ) 82 — द्व्यशीतिः (Dvyashītiḥ) 83 — त्र्यशीतिः (Tryashītiḥ) 84 — चतुरशीतिः (Chaturashītiḥ) 85 — पञ्चाशीतिः (Pañchāshītiḥ) 86 — षडशीतिः (Ṣhaḍashītiḥ) 87 — सप्ताशीतिः (Saptāshītiḥ) 88 — अष्टाशीतिः (Ashṭāshītiḥ) 89 — एकोननवतिः (Ekonanavatiḥ) 90 — नवतिः (Navatiḥ) 91 — एकनवतिः (Ekanavatiḥ) 92 — द्विनवतिः (Dvinavatiḥ) 93 — त्रिनवतिः (Trinavatiḥ) 94 — चतुर्नवतिः (Chaturnavatiḥ) 95 — पञ्चनवतिः (Pañchanavatiḥ) 96 — षण्णवतिः (Ṣhaṇṇavatiḥ) 97 — सप्तनवतिः (Saptanavatiḥ) 98 — अष्टनवतिः (Ashṭanavatiḥ) 99 — एकोनशतम् (Ekonashatam) — one less than hundred 100 — शतम् (Shatam)
Here are the key tens (multiples of 10) in Sanskrit — essential for building any number:
10 — दश (Dasha) 20 — विंशतिः (Viṃshatiḥ) 30 — त्रिंशत् (Triṃshat) 40 — चत्वारिंशत् (Chatvāriṃshat) 50 — पञ्चाशत् (Pañchāshat) 60 — षष्टिः (Ṣhaṣhṭiḥ) 70 — सप्ततिः (Saptatiḥ) 80 — अशीतिः (Ashītiḥ) 90 — नवतिः (Navatiḥ) 100 — शतम् (Shatam)
How to form any number: • Units (1–9) + Tens word = the number • Example: 25 = पञ्च (5) + विंशतिः (20) = पञ्चविंशतिः • Example: 73 = त्रि (3) + सप्ततिः (70) = त्रिसप्ततिः
Subtractive pattern for 19, 29, 39... 99: • एकोन (Ekona) = 'one less than' • 19 = एकोनविंशतिः (one less than 20) • 29 = एकोनत्रिंशत् (one less than 30) • 99 = एकोनशतम् (one less than 100)
Larger numbers: • 1,000 — सहस्रम् (Sahasram) • 10,000 — अयुतम् (Ayutam) • 1,00,000 — लक्षम् (Laksham) • 10,00,000 — दशलक्षम् (Dashalaksham) • 1,00,00,000 — कोटिः (Koṭiḥ)
Ordinal numbers indicate position or order. In Sanskrit:
1st — प्रथमः (Prathamaḥ) 2nd — द्वितीयः (Dvitīyaḥ) 3rd — तृतीयः (Tṛtīyaḥ) 4th — चतुर्थः (Chaturthaḥ) 5th — पञ्चमः (Pañchamaḥ) 6th — षष्ठः (Ṣhaṣhṭhaḥ) 7th — सप्तमः (Saptamaḥ) 8th — अष्टमः (Ashṭamaḥ) 9th — नवमः (Navamaḥ) 10th — दशमः (Dashamaḥ)
Pattern: From 5th onwards, add '-मः' (-maḥ) to the cardinal number.
Note: Sanskrit ordinals change based on gender: • Masculine: प्रथमः (Prathamaḥ) • Feminine: प्रथमा (Prathamā) • Neuter: प्रथमम् (Prathamam)
Common usage in daily life: • प्रथम श्रेणी (Prathama Shreṇī) = First class • द्वितीय अध्यायः (Dvitīya Adhyāyaḥ) = Second chapter • तृतीय पुरुषः (Tṛtīya Purushaḥ) = Third person (grammar) • चतुर्थ वेदः (Chaturtha Vedaḥ) = Fourth Veda (Atharva Veda) • पञ्चम स्वरः (Pañchama Svaraḥ) = Fifth note (in music, 'Pa')
Sanskrit numbers are the root of number words in most Indian languages. Here is a comparison:
Number | Sanskrit | Hindi | Telugu | Tamil | Kannada 1 | एकम् (Ekam) | एक (Ek) | ఒకటి (Okaṭi) | ஒன்று (Onru) | ಒಂದು (Ondu) 2 | द्वे (Dve) | दो (Do) | రెండు (Reṇḍu) | இரண்டு (Iraṇḍu) | ಎರಡು (Eraḍu) 3 | त्रीणि (Trīṇi) | तीन (Tīn) | మూడు (Mūḍu) | மூன்று (Mūnru) | ಮೂರು (Mūru) 5 | पञ्च (Pañcha) | पाँच (Pāñch) | అయిదు (Ayidu) | ஐந்து (Aintu) | ಐದು (Aidu) 10 | दश (Dasha) | दस (Das) | పది (Padi) | பத்து (Pattu) | ಹತ್ತು (Hattu) 100 | शतम् (Shatam) | सौ (Sau) | వంద (Vanda) | நூறு (Nūṟu) | ನೂರು (Nūru)
Sanskrit roots visible in modern words: • Tri (3): Triangle, Tricycle, Tricolour, Trident (Trishul) • Pancha (5): Panchatantra, Panchayat, Punjab (Panj-ab = five rivers) • Sapta (7): Saptarishi, Saptah (week) • Ashta (8): Ashtadhyayi, Ashtalakshmi • Nava (9): Navaratri, Navagraha • Dasha (10): Dasharatha, Dashavatar • Shatam (100): Century (Latin centum from same Indo-European root as shatam)
Sanskrit mathematics gave the world one of its most important concepts — zero (शून्यम् / Shūnyam).
History of zero in Sanskrit: • The concept of zero as a number was first formalised in India • Brahmagupta (628 CE) wrote rules for zero in his Sanskrit text 'Brahmasphutasiddhanta' • He defined: a + 0 = a, a − 0 = a, a × 0 = 0 • The word 'Shūnya' (शून्य) means 'void' or 'empty' • The symbol '0' evolved from the dot (bindu) used in Sanskrit manuscripts
Sanskrit mathematical terms: • शून्यम् (Shūnyam) = Zero (0) • संख्या (Saṃkhyā) = Number • गणितम् (Gaṇitam) = Mathematics • योगः (Yogaḥ) = Addition (sum) • अन्तरम् (Antaram) = Subtraction (difference) • गुणनम् (Guṇanam) = Multiplication • भागहारः (Bhāgahāraḥ) = Division • वर्गः (Vargaḥ) = Square • मूलम् (Mūlam) = Root
Famous Sanskrit mathematicians: • Aryabhata (476 CE) — Place value system, approximation of π • Brahmagupta (598 CE) — Rules for zero and negative numbers • Bhaskara II (1114 CE) — Calculus concepts, Lilavati (famous maths text in Sanskrit) • The decimal place value system spread from India to Arabia to Europe
1 = Ekam (एकम्), 2 = Dve (द्वे), 3 = Trīṇi (त्रीणि), 4 = Chatvāri (चत्वारि), 5 = Pañcha (पञ्च), 6 = Ṣhaṭ (षट्), 7 = Sapta (सप्त), 8 = Ashṭa (अष्ट), 9 = Nava (नव), 10 = Dasha (दश).
The key tens are: 10 = Dasha, 20 = Viṃshatiḥ, 30 = Triṃshat, 40 = Chatvāriṃshat, 50 = Pañchāshat, 60 = Ṣhaṣhṭiḥ, 70 = Saptatiḥ, 80 = Ashītiḥ, 90 = Navatiḥ, 100 = Shatam. Other numbers combine the unit with the tens word: 25 = Pañchaviṃshatiḥ, 73 = Trisaptatiḥ. Numbers ending in 9 use Ekona (one less): 99 = Ekonashatam.
100 in Sanskrit is Shatam (शतम्). This root is related to the Latin 'centum' (from which 'century' comes) and the Greek 'hekaton' — all from the same Proto-Indo-European root. Larger numbers: 1,000 = Sahasram, 1,00,000 = Laksham, 1,00,00,000 = Koṭiḥ.
Ordinal numbers in Sanskrit: 1st = Prathamaḥ (प्रथमः), 2nd = Dvitīyaḥ (द्वितीयः), 3rd = Tṛtīyaḥ (तृतीयः), 4th = Chaturthaḥ (चतुर्थः), 5th = Pañchamaḥ (पञ्चमः), 6th = Ṣhaṣhṭhaḥ, 7th = Saptamaḥ, 8th = Ashṭamaḥ, 9th = Navamaḥ, 10th = Dashamaḥ. They change form based on gender.
Numbers 11–18 follow the pattern: unit + dasha (ten). 11 = Ekādasha (1+10), 12 = Dvādasha (2+10), 13 = Trayodasha (3+10), 14 = Chaturdasha (4+10), 15 = Pañchadasha (5+10), 16 = Ṣhoḍasha (6+10), 17 = Saptadasha (7+10), 18 = Ashṭādasha (8+10). 19 breaks the pattern: Ekonaviṃshatiḥ (one less than 20).
Zero in Sanskrit is Shūnya (शून्य), meaning 'void' or 'empty'. The concept of zero as a number was formalised in India — Brahmagupta wrote rules for zero in 628 CE in his Sanskrit text Brahmasphutasiddhanta. The symbol '0' evolved from the dot (bindu) used in Sanskrit manuscripts. This invention revolutionised mathematics worldwide.
Many modern words come from Sanskrit numbers: Tri (3) → triangle, tricycle, tricolour. Pancha (5) → Panchayat, Panchatantra, Punjab. Sapta (7) → Saptarishi. Ashta (8) → Ashtadhyayi. Nava (9) → Navaratri, Navagraha. Dasha (10) → Dasharatha, Dashavatar. Shatam (100) is related to Latin centum (century).
Numbers ending in 9 (19, 29, 39... 99) use the subtractive form with Ekona (एकोन) meaning 'one less than'. 19 = Ekonaviṃshatiḥ (one less than 20), 29 = Ekonatriṃshat (one less than 30), 49 = Ekonapañchāshat (one less than 50), 99 = Ekonashatam (one less than 100). This is similar to Latin (e.g., undeviginti = 19).
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