Bhu dhatu (भू धातु) means 'to be' or 'to become' in Sanskrit. It is the most fundamental verb root (धातु) in Sanskrit grammar and is used to learn all dhatu roop (verb conjugation) patterns. भू is a first conjugation (परस्मैपद, गण 1 — भ्वादि गण) dhatu. All students studying Sanskrit from class 6 to class 10 must memorise bhu dhatu roop across different lakars (tenses and moods).
Bhu (भू) dhatu meaning: to be, to become, to exist
Gana (conjugation class): Bhvadi Gana (भ्वादि गण) — Group 1
Pada: Parasmaipada (परस्मैपद)
Lat Lakar: Present tense — भवति, भवतः, भवन्ति...
Lang Lakar: Past tense — अभवत्, अभवताम्, अभवन्...
Lrit Lakar: Future tense — भविष्यति, भविष्यतः, भविष्यन्ति...
Lot Lakar: Imperative — भवतु, भव, भवन्तु...
Lit Lakar: Perfect past — uses reduplication: बभूव
लट् लकार = Present Tense (वर्तमान काल)
पुरुष | एकवचन | द्विवचन | बहुवचन प्रथम पुरुष | भवति | भवतः | भवन्ति मध्यम पुरुष | भवसि | भवथः | भवथ उत्तम पुरुष | भवामि | भवावः | भवामः
Example sentences: • सः भवति — He is/becomes. • बालकौ भवतः — Two boys become. • वयं भवामः — We become.
लङ् लकार = Past Tense (भूतकाल — Imperfect)
पुरुष | एकवचन | द्विवचन | बहुवचन प्रथम पुरुष | अभवत् | अभवताम् | अभवन् मध्यम पुरुष | अभवः | अभवतम् | अभवत उत्तम पुरुष | अभवम् | अभवाव | अभवाम
Example: • सः अभवत् — He was/became. • अहम् अभवम् — I was/became.
लोट् लकार = Imperative Mood (आज्ञा / अनुरोध)
पुरुष | एकवचन | द्विवचन | बहुवचन प्रथम पुरुष | भवतु | भवताम् | भवन्तु मध्यम पुरुष | भव | भवतम् | भवत उत्तम पुरुष | भवानि | भवाव | भवाम
Example: • त्वं भव — You be/become. • सः भवतु — Let him become.
विधिलिङ् लकार = Should/Ought to (विधि — duty, obligation)
पुरुष | एकवचन | द्विवचन | बहुवचन प्रथम पुरुष | भवेत् | भवेताम् | भवेयुः मध्यम पुरुष | भवेः | भवेतम् | भवेत उत्तम पुरुष | भवेयम् | भवेव | भवेम
Example: • सः भवेत् — He should become. • अहं भवेयम् — I should be.
लृट् लकार = Future Tense (भविष्यत् काल)
पुरुष | एकवचन | द्विवचन | बहुवचन प्रथम पुरुष | भविष्यति | भविष्यतः | भविष्यन्ति मध्यम पुरुष | भविष्यसि | भविष्यथः | भविष्यथ उत्तम पुरुष | भविष्यामि | भविष्यावः | भविष्यामः
Example: • सः भविष्यति — He will become. • अहं भविष्यामि — I will become.
लिट् लकार = Perfect Past (दूर भूतकाल — Remote Past)
पुरुष | एकवचन | द्विवचन | बहुवचन प्रथम पुरुष | बभूव | बभूवतुः | बभूवुः मध्यम पुरुष | बभूविथ | बभूवथुः | बभूव उत्तम पुरुष | बभूव | बभूविव | बभूविम
Note: लिट् लकार uses reduplication (द्विरुक्ति) — भू becomes बभूव.
Memory tips for bhu dhatu roop: (1) Learn Lat Lakar first — it is the most used. (2) Lang Lakar adds 'अ' (augment) before the root and changes endings. (3) Lrit Lakar adds 'इष्य' or 'ष्य' to the root. (4) Vidhiling ends in -एत् (3rd person singular). (5) Lit Lakar doubles the first consonant (reduplication). Practice writing the tables daily. Exams typically ask for any one or two lakar forms.
Bhu dhatu (भू धातु) is the Sanskrit verb root meaning 'to be' or 'to become.' It belongs to the first conjugation class (भ्वादि गण / Group 1) and is parasmaipada (active voice). Bhu is one of the most important dhatus in Sanskrit because its conjugation pattern is the model for all Group 1 verbs. Mastering bhu dhatu roop gives students the framework to conjugate hundreds of other Sanskrit verbs.
Bhu dhatu roop in Lat Lakar (Present Tense): Prathama Purusha — भवति, भवतः, भवन्ति. Madhyama Purusha — भवसि, भवथः, भवथ. Uttama Purusha — भवामि, भवावः, भवामः. Lat Lakar is used for actions happening in the present. Example: 'सः भवति' means 'He is/becomes.'
Bhu dhatu roop in Lang Lakar (Past Tense): Prathama Purusha — अभवत्, अभवताम्, अभवन्. Madhyama Purusha — अभवः, अभवतम्, अभवत. Uttama Purusha — अभवम्, अभवाव, अभवाम. Lang Lakar uses an augment 'अ' before the root. Example: 'सः अभवत्' means 'He became.'
Bhu dhatu roop in Lrit Lakar (Future Tense): Prathama Purusha — भविष्यति, भविष्यतः, भविष्यन्ति. Madhyama Purusha — भविष्यसि, भविष्यथः, भविष्यथ. Uttama Purusha — भविष्यामि, भविष्यावः, भविष्यामः. The suffix '-इष्य' is added to form future tense. Example: 'सः भविष्यति' means 'He will become.'
Bhu dhatu roop in Lot Lakar (Imperative Mood): Prathama Purusha — भवतु, भवताम्, भवन्तु. Madhyama Purusha — भव, भवतम्, भवत. Uttama Purusha — भवानि, भवाव, भवाम. Lot Lakar is used for commands, requests, or permissions. Example: 'भव' means 'Be!' (command to one person).
Bhu dhatu roop in Vidhiling Lakar (Should/Ought to): Prathama Purusha — भवेत्, भवेताम्, भवेयुः. Madhyama Purusha — भवेः, भवेतम्, भवेत. Uttama Purusha — भवेयम्, भवेव, भवेम. Vidhiling is used to express obligation, duty, or wish. Example: 'सः भवेत्' means 'He should become.'
Bhu dhatu roop in Lit Lakar (Perfect Past / Remote Past): Prathama Purusha — बभूव, बभूवतुः, बभूवुः. Madhyama Purusha — बभूविथ, बभूवथुः, बभूव. Uttama Purusha — बभूव, बभूविव, बभूविम. Lit Lakar uses reduplication (the first consonant is doubled) — bhū becomes babhuva. It refers to a past action distant from the speaker.
Bhvadi Gana (भ्वादि गण) is the first of ten conjugation classes (गण) in Sanskrit. It is called 'Bhvadi' because it starts with the dhatu 'bhu' (भू). All verbs in this class follow the same pattern of conjugation. The group number is 1 (प्रथम गण). Most Sanskrit beginners start with bhvadi gana verbs because bhu dhatu roop is the model for all other verbs in this class.
Sanskrit verbs have two voices: Parasmaipada (परस्मैपद) — active voice, used when the action benefits someone other than the subject; Atmanepada (आत्मनेपद) — reflexive voice, used when the action benefits the subject itself. Bhu dhatu is parasmaipada — its action is directed outward. Some dhatus (like लभ् — to obtain) are atmanepada. Some dhatus can be both, called ubhayapada (उभयपद).
There are 10 lakars in Sanskrit grammar: Lat Lakar (लट्) — Present Tense; Lit Lakar (लिट्) — Perfect Past; Lut Lakar (लुट्) — First Future; Lrit Lakar (लृट्) — Second Future; Let Lakar (लेट्) — Vedic Subjunctive; Lot Lakar (लोट्) — Imperative; Lan/Lang Lakar (लङ्) — Imperfect Past; Vidhiling Lakar (विधिलिङ्) — Potential/Optative; Ashirling Lakar (आशीर्लिङ्) — Benedictive; Lun/Lung Lakar (लुङ्) — Aorist Past. Exams typically focus on Lat, Lang, Lot, Vidhi, and Lrit.
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