Articles 40, 41, 112 and 249 of Indian Constitution

Article 40 is a Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) under Part IV. It directs the State to organise village panchayats and give them such powers as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.

This Article became the constitutional basis for the 73rd Constitutional Amendment (1992) which gave Panchayati Raj a firm legal foundation.

Article 41 is another DPSP that directs the State to make effective provision for securing the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disability — within the limits of economic capacity.

This is not a legally enforceable right but guides the government in welfare policy (MGNREGA, mid-day meal scheme etc. derive moral basis from here).

Article 112 requires the President to lay before both Houses of Parliament the Annual Financial Statement — commonly known as the Union Budget. This document shows the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government for each financial year.

Article 249 gives the Rajya Sabha the power to pass a resolution (by 2/3 majority) authorising Parliament to make laws on a subject in the State List — normally a state's exclusive domain. This power is used in matters of national importance.