Unemployment is one of the biggest economic challenges facing India. In economics, unemployment is not just one problem — it appears in many different forms, each requiring a different solution.
Most Common in India: Seasonal and Disguised unemployment.
Disguised Unemployment: Mostly in agriculture.
Structural: Due to technological change.
Frictional: Natural and temporary.
Cyclical: Related to economic recession cycles.
Definition: People are unemployed only during certain seasons of the year. Example: Agricultural workers in India are busy during sowing and harvesting seasons, but remain unemployed for the rest of the year. Workers in sugarcane crushing mills, wool industries, etc. Solution: Promote alternative employment through MNREGA.
Definition: More people are employed in a job than actually required. The extra workers appear employed but their productive contribution is zero. Example: If a farm requires only 3 workers but 6 family members work on it, the extra 3 are 'disguisedly unemployed'. Removing them would not affect output. Common In: Indian agriculture and unorganized family businesses.
Definition: Unemployment caused when a person's skills become obsolete due to technological changes or a shift in the economy. Example: Typewriter mechanics became structurally unemployed when computers replaced typewriters.
Definition: Temporary unemployment between jobs — when a person has quit one job but hasn't started another. Example: A software engineer who resigned from Company A is searching for a new job. This short gap is frictional unemployment.
Definition: Unemployment caused by economic recession or a downturn in the business cycle. Example: During the COVID-19 lockdown, millions of people lost jobs as businesses shut down.
Disguised unemployment is when more people are employed in a job than necessary, so the extra workers make no real contribution to output.
Seasonal unemployment occurs when people are out of work during certain seasons of the year — common in Indian agriculture.
Structural unemployment occurs when workers' skills become outdated due to technological change or shifts in the economy.
Article 141: Law Declared by Supreme Court to be Binding
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Article 164 — Appointment of the Chief Minister
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Article 243: The Panchayati Raj System
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Article 312 — All India Services
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Article 340 — Commission for Backward Classes
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