क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय — Kriya Visheshan Avyay in Marathi: Types, Examples & Complete Guide

Definition (मराठी): क्रियापदाबद्दल अधिक माहिती सांगणाऱ्या शब्दाला क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय म्हणतात. English: A word that tells us more about a verb (how, when, where, how much the action is done) is called a Kriya Visheshan Avyay (Adverb).

Why is it called Avyay? Avyay (अव्यय) = a + vyay = that which does not change (spend/consume). These words never change their form — they remain the same regardless of the gender (लिंग), number (वचन), or case (विभक्ती) of the surrounding words. That is what makes them 'अव्यय' (indeclinable).

Key Examples: • 'हळू' (slowly) — तो हळू चालतो / ती हळू चालते / ते हळू चालतात — 'हळू' doesn't change. • 'आज' (today) — आज सोमवार आहे — 'आज' never changes. • 'खूप' (very/a lot) — खूप चांगले, खूप वाईट — 'खूप' doesn't change.

Question to find Kriya Visheshan Avyay: After identifying the verb in a sentence, ask — How? (कसे?), When? (केव्हा?), Where? (कुठे?), How much? (किती?) — the answer to these questions is the क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय.

Marathi grammar recognises 4 main types of Kriya Visheshan Avyay:

1. कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय (Time Adverbs) — When is the action done?
2. स्थलवाचक क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय (Place Adverbs) — Where is the action done?
3. रीतिवाचक क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय (Manner Adverbs) — How is the action done?
4. परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय (Degree/Quantity Adverbs) — How much is the action done?

Each type is explained in detail with examples in the sections below.

Definition: क्रिया केव्हा घडते हे सांगणाऱ्या शब्दाला कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय म्हणतात. (A word that tells WHEN the action takes place is called a Time Adverb.)

Common Time Adverbs in Marathi: • आज (today) • उद्या (tomorrow) • काल (yesterday) • परवा (day after tomorrow / day before yesterday) • नेहमी / सदा (always) • कधीकधी / कधी (sometimes / ever) • अचानक / एकदम (suddenly) • लवकर (early / soon) • उशीरा (late) • आधी (before / earlier) • नंतर (after / later) • अजून (still / yet) • आता (now) • मग (then)

Examples in sentences:

1. 'तो आज शाळेत गेला.' — When did he go? आज (today) → कालवाचक
2. 'ती नेहमी वेळेवर येते.' — When does she come? नेहमी (always) → कालवाचक
3. 'पाऊस अचानक आला.' — When did rain come? अचानक (suddenly) → कालवाचक
4. 'मी काल बाजारात गेलो.' — When did I go? काल (yesterday) → कालवाचक

Definition: क्रिया कुठे घडते हे सांगणाऱ्या शब्दाला स्थलवाचक क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय म्हणतात. (A word that tells WHERE the action takes place is called a Place Adverb.)

Common Place Adverbs in Marathi: • इथे / येथे (here) • तिथे / तेथे (there) • कुठे (where) • सर्वत्र (everywhere) • कुठेतरी (somewhere) • जवळ (near / nearby) • दूर (far / away) • वर (up / above) • खाली (down / below) • आत (inside) • बाहेर (outside) • समोर (in front) • मागे (behind)

Examples in sentences:

1. 'माझे पुस्तक इथे आहे.' — Where is the book? इथे (here) → स्थलवाचक
2. 'तो दूर गेला.' — Where did he go? दूर (far away) → स्थलवाचक
3. 'मुले बाहेर खेळत आहेत.' — Where are children playing? बाहेर (outside) → स्थलवाचक
4. 'सर्वत्र आनंद पसरला.' — Where did joy spread? सर्वत्र (everywhere) → स्थलवाचक

Definition: क्रिया कशी केली जाते हे सांगणाऱ्या शब्दाला रीतिवाचक क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय म्हणतात. (A word that tells HOW the action is performed is called a Manner Adverb.)

Common Manner Adverbs in Marathi: • हळू / हळूहळू (slowly) • जलद / भराभर (quickly / fast) • व्यवस्थित (properly / neatly) • चांगले (well) • वाईट (badly / poorly) • सहज (easily) • कठीण (with difficulty) • खरोखर / खरोखरच (truly / really) • अगदी (exactly / quite) • नक्की (certainly / definitely) • जसे (as / like — in manner) • तसे (in that way)

Examples in sentences:

1. 'तो हळू बोलतो.' — How does he speak? हळू (slowly) → रीतिवाचक
2. 'ती भराभर धावली.' — How did she run? भराभर (quickly) → रीतिवाचक
3. 'त्याने व्यवस्थित काम केले.' — How did he work? व्यवस्थित (properly) → रीतिवाचक
4. 'मी खरोखर आनंदी आहे.' — How am I (truly)? खरोखर (truly/really) → रीतिवाचक

Definition: क्रिया किती प्रमाणात केली जाते हे सांगणाऱ्या शब्दाला परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय म्हणतात. (A word that tells HOW MUCH or TO WHAT DEGREE the action is performed is called a Degree Adverb.)

Common Degree Adverbs in Marathi: • खूप (very / a lot) • थोडे (a little / slightly) • फार (too much / very) • जास्त (more / too much) • कमी (less) • पुरेसे (enough / sufficiently) • अगदी (quite / completely) • जवळजवळ (almost / nearly) • पूर्णपणे (completely / fully) • अर्धवट (halfway / partially)

Examples in sentences:

1. 'तो खूप मेहनत करतो.' — How much does he work? खूप (a lot) → परिमाणवाचक
2. 'थोडे थांब.' — How much? थोडे (a little) → परिमाणवाचक
3. 'ती जास्त बोलते.' — How much does she speak? जास्त (too much) → परिमाणवाचक
4. 'काम पूर्णपणे झाले.' — To what degree? पूर्णपणे (completely) → परिमाणवाचक

Quick Reference Summary:

Type | Question | Common Words | Example

1. कालवाचक (Time) | केव्हा? | आज, काल, उद्या, नेहमी, आता, अचानक | 'तो आज आला.' — आज = कालवाचक
2. स्थलवाचक (Place) | कुठे? | इथे, तिथे, वर, खाली, आत, बाहेर, सर्वत्र | 'ती बाहेर आहे.' — बाहेर = स्थलवाचक
3. रीतिवाचक (Manner) | कसे? | हळू, भराभर, व्यवस्थित, खरोखर | 'तो हळू बोलतो.' — हळू = रीतिवाचक
4. परिमाणवाचक (Degree) | किती? | खूप, थोडे, फार, जास्त, पूर्णपणे | 'ती खूप धावते.' — खूप = परिमाणवाचक

Exam Tips:

1. After finding the verb in the sentence, ask the four questions: केव्हा? (when), कुठे? (where), कसे? (how), किती? (how much)
2. The word that answers one of these questions about the verb = क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय
3. Avyay never changes form — if the word can be used in any sentence without changing form, it may be an Avyay
4. Common exam question: 'रेखांकित शब्दाचा प्रकार सांगा' (identify the type of the underlined word) — use the four questions method to answer
5. Common error: Students confuse विशेषण (adjective — modifies noun) with क्रियाविशेषण (adverb — modifies verb). If the word describes a noun → विशेषण; if it describes a verb/action → क्रियाविशेषण.