Sikhism was founded and shaped by 10 human Gurus (spiritual teachers) from Guru Nanak Dev Ji to Guru Gobind Singh Ji (1469โ1708 AD). After the 10th Guru, the eternal Guru of Sikhs became the holy scripture โ Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
Guru Har Krishan Ji (8th Guru) became Guru at the age of just 5 years in 1661 โ making him the youngest religious leader of any major world religion. He passed away at age 7 from smallpox contracted while treating Delhi's poor.
| # | Punjabi Name | English Name | Birth Year | Guruship |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | เจเฉเจฐเฉ เจจเจพเจจเจ เจฆเฉเจต เจเฉ | Guru Nanak Dev Ji | 1469 | 1469โ1539 |
| 2 | เจเฉเจฐเฉ เจ เฉฐเจเจฆ เจฆเฉเจต เจเฉ | Guru Angad Dev Ji | 1504 | 1539โ1552 |
| 3 | เจเฉเจฐเฉ เจ เจฎเจฐเจฆเจพเจธ เจเฉ | Guru Amar Das Ji | 1479 | 1552โ1574 |
| 4 | เจเฉเจฐเฉ เจฐเจพเจฎเจฆเจพเจธ เจเฉ | Guru Ram Das Ji | 1534 | 1574โ1581 |
| 5 | เจเฉเจฐเฉ เจ เจฐเจเจจ เจฆเฉเจต เจเฉ | Guru Arjan Dev Ji | 1563 | 1581โ1606 |
| 6 | เจเฉเจฐเฉ เจนเจฐเจเฉเจฌเจฟเฉฐเจฆ เจเฉ | Guru Hargobind Ji | 1595 | 1606โ1644 |
| 7 | เจเฉเจฐเฉ เจนเจฐเจฟ เจฐเจพเจ เจเฉ | Guru Har Rai Ji | 1630 | 1644โ1661 |
| 8 | เจเฉเจฐเฉ เจนเจฐเจเฉเจฐเจฟเจธเจผเจจ เจเฉ | Guru Har Krishan Ji | 1656 | 1661โ1664 |
| 9 | เจเฉเจฐเฉ เจคเฉเจเจผ เจฌเจนเจพเจฆเจฐ เจเฉ | Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji | 1621 | 1665โ1675 |
| 10 | เจเฉเจฐเฉ เจเฉเจฌเจฟเฉฐเจฆ เจธเจฟเฉฐเจ เจเฉ | Guru Gobind Singh Ji | 1666 | 1675โ1708 |
Guru Nanak Dev Ji: Founded Sikhism; emphasized One God (Ik Onkar), equality, honest living, and rejecting caste discrimination.
Guru Angad Dev Ji: Standardized and promoted the Gurmukhi script for writing Punjabi.
Guru Amar Das Ji: Established the langar (community kitchen) system where all eat together regardless of caste.
Guru Ram Das Ji: Founded the city of Amritsar.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Compiled the Adi Granth (original Guru Granth Sahib); built the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib); became the first Sikh martyr.
Guru Hargobind Ji: Introduced the concept of Miri-Piri (temporal and spiritual authority); established the Sikh army.
Guru Har Krishan Ji: Became Guru at age 5 โ the youngest; served plague victims in Delhi.
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji: Sacrificed his life defending the right of Kashmiri Hindus to practice their religion โ martyred by Aurangzeb.
Guru Gobind Singh Ji: Created the Khalsa (the Sikh brotherhood, 1699); introduced the 5 Ks (Panj Kakars); declared Guru Granth Sahib as the eternal Guru.
After Guru Gobind Singh Ji, there were no more human Gurus. Before passing away in 1708, he declared that the holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib Ji would be the eternal, living Guru of the Sikhs for all time.
Sikhs treat Guru Granth Sahib Ji with the same reverence as a living Guru โ it is given its own room, covered with elaborate cloths, and fanned with a chauri.
**Guru Arjan Dev Ji** (5th Guru) was the first Sikh martyr, executed in 1606 on the orders of Mughal Emperor Jahangir for refusing to convert to Islam and for compiling the Adi Granth.
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