A mortar and pestle is a traditional tool used to crush, grind, and mix solid substances into powder or paste. The mortar is the bowl-shaped vessel and the pestle is the heavy club-shaped tool used for grinding. In Hindi, it is called ओखली और मूसल (Okhli aur Moosal). It is widely used in chemistry laboratories, pharmacy, and in Indian kitchens for grinding spices.
Mortar = ओखली (Okhli); Pestle = मूसल (Moosal) in Hindi.
Mortar is the bowl; pestle is the grinding rod — together used to grind/crush solids.
Common materials: porcelain (labs), granite (kitchen), agate (fine minerals).
Lab uses: grinding chemicals to powder, mixing solid reagents, crushing ore samples.
Kitchen uses: grinding spices, chutneys; pharmacy: crushing tablets, Ayurvedic preparations.
Porcelain mortar is the most common type in school/college chemistry labs.
Parts: • Mortar (ओखली / Okhli): The bowl — holds the material to be ground • Pestle (मूसल / Moosal): The heavy rod — used to crush and grind the material by pressing and rotating
Hindi Name: • Mortar = ओखली (Okhli) • Pestle = मूसल (Moosal) • Together = ओखली-मूसल or खरल-मूसली (in Ayurveda/pharmacy)
Materials Used to Make:
| Material | Best For |
|---|---|
| Porcelain / Ceramic | Chemical labs (general grinding) |
| Glass | Grinding chemicals that don't scratch glass |
| Granite | Kitchen use (spices, chutneys) |
| Brass/Bronze | Ayurvedic preparation |
| Agate | Grinding hard minerals, fine powders |
| Iron/Cast Iron | Heavy industrial grinding |
Uses in Chemistry Laboratory:
Uses in Kitchen / Pharmacy: • Grinding spices (turmeric, coriander, cumin) — Indian kitchen • Preparing chutney and paste • Pharmacy: crushing tablets, mixing powders for medicines • Ayurveda: preparing churna (herbal powder), bhasma
Care and Cleaning: • Rinse with water after use • For strong chemicals: clean with appropriate solvent • Porcelain mortars should not be used for reactive metals (Na, K) • Do not grind explosive or unstable compounds in mortar
Lab Safety: • Do not over-fill the mortar • Grind slowly to avoid powder escaping • Use in a fume hood if grinding volatile or hazardous substances • Wear gloves when handling irritant chemicals
Common Lab Equipment (for reference):
| Equipment | Use |
|---|---|
| Mortar and pestle | Grinding, crushing, mixing solids |
| Beaker | Holding liquids for reactions |
| Conical flask | Titration |
| Test tube | Small-scale reactions |
| Spatula | Transferring solid chemicals |
A mortar and pestle (ओखली और मूसल in Hindi) is used for grinding, crushing, and mixing solid substances. In chemistry labs, it is used to grind chemicals into fine powder, mix solid reagents, and crush ore samples. In kitchens, it grinds spices and makes chutneys. In pharmacy and Ayurveda, it is used to crush tablets and prepare herbal powders. Porcelain is the most common material for lab mortars.
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